TCTSY incorporates Five key themes
Trauma Centered Trauma-Sensitive Yoga (TCTSY) is a refined protocol specifically designed for people recovering from complex trauma and PTSD.
TCTSY aims to help individuals restore their sense of agency and reconnect with their bodies by addressing trauma’s physiological and psychological impacts. Bessel van der Kolk, the author of The Body Keeps the Score was one of the cofounders in 2003 along with yoga practitioner David Emerson, since its inception TCTSY has been refined and proven effective.
For research associated with TCTSY’s efficacy, you’re welcome to visit their website.
An introduction
Trauma-Sensitive Yoga (TCTSY) is distinct from both trauma-informed and traditional yoga as it is specifically adapted to meet the needs of trauma survivors. Developed in 2003 by psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk and yoga practitioner David Emerson at the Trauma Center, TCTSY was designed to support survivors coping with complex trauma and PTSD.
Backed by clinical trials and evidence-based research, TCTSY integrates input from mental health professionals, allowing movement professionals to offer yoga in trauma-sensitive spaces with awareness and respect. Unlike trauma-informed yoga, TCTSY goes beyond minimizing triggers—it offers scientifically proven tools to help reduce PTSD symptoms and foster healing.
This approach emphasizes non-coercion, using invitational language rather than directives. The participant’s choice in how they express their body in each yoga form is always valid—there is no “right” or “wrong” way to engage with yoga. For trauma survivors, who may have been conditioned to believe their choices are wrong, this freedom in embodied experience is crucial to healing and reclaiming a sense of agency.
Every choice holds power for the survivor, and each yoga form or movement presents an opportunity to take effective action in a tangible way. As trust is rebuilt with the self, its effects ripple out into all areas of life. TCTSY uses yoga to cultivate embodied agency, providing survivors with a chance to reconnect with their sense of choice and control over their bodies. Through non-coercion and invitational language, this approach supports autonomy and empowerment in movement.
TCTSY session structure
TCTSY facilitators are trained to be in relationship with participants, offering a clear framework that ensures an authentic, safe, and supportive experience. Rather than being arbitrary or stylized, the practice is designed to foster genuine connection. Facilitators always practice alongside participants, never observing or walking around the room, and there is no physical touch, adjustments, or corrections.
Sessions typically last between 10 to 45 minutes, with the duration gradually increasing as participants become more comfortable. They begin with gentle movements and conclude softly, avoiding long-held postures or extended stillness to minimize dissociation or discomfort. Sessions can be held in-person, or virtually via platforms like Zoom or Google Meets, and some participants may choose to turn off their camera during virtual sessions, as the facilitator is there to share in the experience, not observe form. Sessions are either one on one or in group settings.
The movements are chosen to prioritize safety, autonomy, and nurture a present-moment connection. Particular consideration is taken for survivors of sexual and gender based violence.
While TCTSY does not involve counseling or emotional processing, participants are encouraged—but not required—to seek support from licensed counselors. TCTSY complements traditional talk therapies, but research indicates that improved PTSD symptoms are not dependent on additional therapies. If yoga can support your recovery journey, it is available at any point.
Through House of Freya and TCTSY, referrals to trusted mental health care clinicians are available upon request.
Shared Present Moment Experience
TCTSY emphasizes the importance of an authentic, safe, and supportive relationship between the facilitator and participant. The facilitator is not an authority figure, but a co-experiencer, sharing in the present moment with the participant. This relational connection fosters safety, trust, and mutual respect, providing a supportive space for individuals as they explore their healing process. Healing does not occur in isolation, and the facilitator’s role is to offer a shared experience, not to teach how to ‘do’ yoga. Since power hoarding is a common trait of complex trauma, TCTSY facilitators invite participants to engage in the practice collaboratively. The focus is not on Sanskrit or overly technical guidance, but simply on being in relationship with the participant.
Opportunities for Interoception
Interoception is the ability to sense and interpret internal bodily sensations, such as heart rate, breath, and muscle tension in the body. TCTSY encourages participants to gently tune into their internal sensations, offering them the chance to build awareness, self-regulation, and trust their own bodies. This can be tough for survivors who have learned the body is not a safe space so it’s always optional.
Making Choices
Trauma often leaves individuals feeling powerless. In TCTSY, participants are encouraged to make choices about how they engage with the practice, empowering them to regain control over their bodies and their experiences, one small decision at a time. Every movement is a choice with the opportunity to follow it up by taking effective action.
Invitational Language
As a facilitator, everything is an invitation. Unlike traditional yoga, which is directive and learning focused, TCTSY accommodates the survivor’s needs by making everything optional.
Non-Coersion
This core principle creates a pressure-free environment where individuals can engage at their own pace and in their own way. Some may choose not to engage in movement at all, and that choice is completely valid. Facilitators never pressure, convince, or suggest actions—respecting each participant’s autonomy is key.
Healing Movement with Ava 